{"data":{"id":"us-ca/pen-20","jurisdiction":"us-ca","citation":"PEN § 20","heading":"","body":"In every crime or public offense there must exist a union, or joint operation of act and intent, or criminal negligence.","path":["Penal Code - PEN","PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS"],"source_url":"https://downloads.leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/pubinfo_2025.zip","current_through":"2026-09-13","vintage":"","retrieved_at":"2026-09-14T05:56:33Z","sha256":"a2277869e56656cb0740b283ab6a5ac8caa34899ce9a5454d4377c62981c7f41","source_id":"us-ca","stale":false,"prev":"us-ca/pen-19.9","next":"us-ca/pen-21a"},"notice":"GroundRules: Original legal text. Not legal advice."}