{"data":{"id":"us-dc/d.c.-code-28-9-105a","jurisdiction":"us-dc","citation":"D.C. Code § 28:9-105A","heading":"Control of electronic money.","body":"(a)\nA person has control of electronic money if:\n(1)\nThe electronic money, a record attached to or logically associated with the electronic money, or a system in which the electronic money is recorded gives the person:\n(A)\nPower to avail itself of substantially all the benefit from the electronic money; and\n(B)\nExclusive power, subject to subsection (b) of this section, to:\n(i)\nPrevent others from availing themselves of substantially all the benefit from the electronic money; and\n(ii)\nTransfer control of the electronic money to another person or cause another person to obtain control of other electronic money as a result of the transfer of the electronic money; and\n(2)\nThe electronic money, a record attached to or logically associated with the electronic money, or a system in which the electronic money is recorded enables the person readily to identify itself in any way, including by name, identifying number, cryptographic key, office, or account number, as having the powers under paragraph (1) of this subsection.\n\n(b)\nSubject to subsection (c) of this section, a power is exclusive under subsection (a)(1)(B)(i) and (ii) of this section even if:\n(1)\nThe electronic money, a record attached to or logically associated with the electronic money, or a system in which the electronic money is recorded limits the use of the electronic money or has a protocol programmed to cause a change, including a transfer or loss of control; or\n(2)\nThe power is shared with another person.\n\n(c)\nA power of a person is not shared with another person under subsection (b)(2) of this section and the person's power is not exclusive if:\n(1)\nThe person can exercise the power only if the power also is exercised by the other person; and\n(2)\nThe other person:\n(A)\nCan exercise the power without exercise of the power by the person; or\n(B)\nIs the transferor to the person of an interest in the electronic money.\n\n(d)\nIf a person has the powers specified in subsection (a)(1)(B)(i) and (ii) of this section, the powers are presumed to be exclusive.\n\n(e)\nA person has control of electronic money if another person, other than the transferor to the person of an interest in the electronic money:\n(1)\nHas control of the electronic money and acknowledges that it has control on behalf of the person; or\n(2)\nObtains control of the electronic money after having acknowledged that it will obtain control of the electronic money on behalf of the person.","path":["Title 28. Commercial Instruments and Transactions. [Enacted title]","Subtitle I. Uniform Commercial Code.","Article 9. Secured Transactions.","Part I. General Provisions.","Subpart 1. Short Title, Definitions, and General Concepts."],"source_url":"https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/28:9-105A","current_through":"2026-08-20 (D.C. Law 26-175)","vintage":"","retrieved_at":"2026-08-29T05:44:07Z","sha256":"6def43b939fcad45d4fcd043a9b9c4f031497edcec6bba44fdcdfb887ea73ec4","source_id":"us-dc","stale":false,"prev":"us-dc/d.c.-code-28-9-105","next":"us-dc/d.c.-code-28-9-106"},"notice":"GroundRules: Original legal text. Not legal advice."}