{"data":{"id":"us-dc/d.c.-code-5-351.01","jurisdiction":"us-dc","citation":"D.C. Code § 5-351.01","heading":"Use of deadly force.","body":"(a)\nFor the purposes of this section, the term:\n(1)\n\"Deadly force\" means any force that is likely or intended to cause serious bodily injury or death.\n(2)\n\"Deadly weapon\" means any object, other than a body part or stationary object, that in the manner of its actual, attempted, or threatened use, is likely to cause serious bodily injury or death.\n(3)\n\"Serious bodily injury\" means extreme physical pain, illness, or impairment of physical condition, including physical injury, that involves:\n(A)\nA substantial risk of death;\n(B)\nProtracted and obvious disfigurement;\n(C)\nProtracted loss or impairment of the function of a bodily member or organ; or\n(D)\nProtracted loss of consciousness.\n\n(b)\nA law enforcement officer shall not use deadly force against a person unless:\n(1)\nThe law enforcement officer actually and reasonably believes that deadly force is immediately necessary to protect the law enforcement officer or another person, other than the subject of the use of deadly force, from the threat of serious bodily injury or death;\n(2)\nThe law enforcement officer's actions are reasonable, given the totality of the circumstances; and\n(3)\nAll other options have been exhausted or do not reasonably lend themselves to the circumstances.\n\n(c)\nIn any grand jury, criminal, delinquency, or civil proceeding where an officer's use of deadly force is a material issue, the trier of fact shall consider:\n(1)\nThe reasonableness of the law enforcement officer's belief and actions from the perspective of a reasonable law enforcement officer; and\n(2)\nThe totality of the circumstances, which shall include:\n(A)\nWhether the subject of the use of deadly force:\n(i)\nPossessed or appeared to possess a deadly weapon; and\n(ii)\nRefused to comply with the law enforcement officer's lawful order to surrender an object believed to be a deadly weapon prior to the law enforcement officer using deadly force;\n(B)\nWhether the law enforcement officer, or another law enforcement officer in close proximity, engaged in reasonable de-escalation measures prior to the use of deadly force, including taking cover, requesting support from available mental health, behavioral health, or social workers, waiting for back-up, trying to calm the subject of the use of force, or, if feasible, using non-deadly force prior to the use of deadly force; and\n(C)\nWhether any conduct by the law enforcement officer prior to the use of deadly force unreasonably increased the risk of a confrontation resulting in deadly force being used.","path":["Title 5. Police, Firefighters, Medical Examiner, and Forensic Sciences.","Chapter 3B. Use of Deadly Force."],"source_url":"https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/5-351.01","current_through":"2026-08-20 (D.C. Law 26-175)","vintage":"","retrieved_at":"2026-08-29T05:44:07Z","sha256":"b6ac56c2fb74a51ba7ba0bde48751bc642dfb6d99295996ca1f018fa8f0425e3","source_id":"us-dc","stale":false,"prev":"us-dc/d.c.-code-5-337.01","next":"us-dc/d.c.-code-5-361.01"},"notice":"GroundRules: Original legal text. Not legal advice."}