{"data":{"id":"us-pa/13-pa.c.s.-8201","jurisdiction":"us-pa","citation":"13 Pa.C.S. § 8201","heading":"Issuer.","body":"(a) General rule.--With respect to an obligation on or a defense to a security, an \"issuer\" includes a person that:\n(1) places or authorizes the placing of its name on a security certificate, other than as authenticating trustee, registrar, transfer agent or the like, to evidence a share, participation or other interest in its property or in an enterprise, or to evidence its duty to perform an obligation represented by the certificate;\n(2) creates a share, participation or other interest in its property or in an enterprise or undertakes an obligation, that is an uncertificated security;\n(3) directly or indirectly creates a fractional interest in its rights or property, if the fractional interest is represented by a security certificate; or\n(4) becomes responsible for or in place of another person described as an issuer in this section.\n(b) Guarantor.--With respect to an obligation on or defense to a security, a guarantor is an issuer to the extent of its guaranty, whether or not its obligation is noted on a security certificate.\n(c) Person for whom transfer books maintained.--With respect to a registration of a transfer, issuer means a person on whose behalf transfer books are maintained.","path":["Title 13 - COMMERCIAL CODE","CHAPTER 82 ISSUE AND ISSUER"],"source_url":"https://www.palegis.us/statutes/consolidated/view-statute?txtType=HTM\u0026ttl=13\u0026div=0\u0026chpt=82\u0026sctn=1\u0026subsctn=0","current_through":"2025-12-01 (Statute Update stamp, 13 Pa.C.S.)","vintage":"","retrieved_at":"2026-09-02T16:31:03Z","sha256":"416b8cbe2be8a90302b3049e03691a5ecfaebec8dffe9f3717f5478bd4bc4371","source_id":"us-pa","stale":false,"prev":"us-pa/13-pa.c.s.-8116","next":"us-pa/13-pa.c.s.-8202"},"notice":"GroundRules: Original legal text. Not legal advice."}