{"data":{"id":"us-tx/tex.-business-commerce-code-8.201","jurisdiction":"us-tx","citation":"Tex. Business \u0026 Commerce Code § 8.201","heading":"ISSUER.","body":"(a) With respect to an obligation on or a defense to a security, \"issuer\" includes a person that:\n(1) places or authorizes the placing of its name on a security certificate, other than as authenticating trustee, registrar, transfer agent, or the like, to evidence a share, participation, or other interest in its property or in an enterprise or to evidence its duty to perform an obligation represented by the certificate;\n(2) creates a share, participation, or other interest in its property or in an enterprise, or undertakes an obligation, that is an uncertificated security;\n(3) directly or indirectly creates a fractional interest in its rights or property, if the fractional interest is represented by a security certificate; or\n(4) becomes responsible for, or in place of, another person described as an issuer in this section.\n(b) With respect to an obligation on or defense to a security, a guarantor is an issuer to the extent of its guaranty, whether or not its obligation is noted on a security certificate.\n(c) With respect to a registration of a transfer, \"issuer\" means a person on whose behalf transfer books are maintained.\nAmended by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 962, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995.","path":["BUSINESS AND COMMERCE CODE","TITLE 1. UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE","CHAPTER 8. INVESTMENT SECURITIES","SUBCHAPTER B. ISSUE AND ISSUER"],"source_url":"https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/BC/htm/BC.8.htm#8.201","current_through":"89th 2nd Called Legislative Session, 2025","vintage":"","retrieved_at":"2026-08-27T01:46:56Z","sha256":"0221cb36bf78ee47cfb0d3609ebd70eef3920627d50abc1ac758e220cef2789f","source_id":"us-tx","stale":false,"prev":"us-tx/tex.-business-commerce-code-8.116","next":"us-tx/tex.-business-commerce-code-8.202"},"notice":"GroundRules: Original legal text. Not legal advice."}