{"data":{"id":"us-va/12vac5-590-546","jurisdiction":"us-va","citation":"12VAC5-590-546","heading":"Regulated contaminants for the consumer confidence reports and public notification","body":"A. Public notices and CCRs shall contain the appropriate mandatory language and information listed, as required by 12VAC5-590-540 and 12VAC5-590-545.\n\nB. Information on regulated contaminants is presented in Table 546.1.\n\nTABLE 546.1\n\nContent Requirements of Consumer Confidence Reports and Public Notices\n\nCONTAMINANT (UNITS)\n\nTRADITIONAL PMCL IN mg/l\n\nTO CONVERT FOR CCR, MULTIPLY BY\n\nPMCL IN CCR UNITS\n\nMCLG\n\nMAJOR SOURCES IN DRINKING WATER\n\nHEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE\n\nMicrobiological Contaminants\n\n(1) Total Coliform Bacteria\n\nTT\n\nn/a\n\nNaturally present in the environment\n\nColiforms are bacteria that are naturally present in the environment and are used as an indicator that other, potentially-harmful, waterborne pathogens may be present or that a potential pathway exists through which contamination may enter the waterworks.\n\n(2) E. coli\n\nPMCL: In compliance unless (i) the waterworks has an E. coli-positive repeat sample following a total coliform-positive routine sample; (ii) the waterworks has a total coliform-positive repeat sample following an E. coli-positive routine sample; (iii) the waterworks owner fails to collect all required repeat samples following an E. coli positive routine sample; or (iv) the waterworks owner fails to test for E. coli when any repeat sample tests positive for total coliform.\n\n0\n\nHuman and animal fecal waste\n\nE. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Human pathogens in these wastes can cause short-term effects, such as diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a greater health risk for infants, young children, the elderly, and people with severely-compromised immune systems.\n\n(3) E. coli\n\nTT\n\nn/a\n\nHuman and animal fecal waste\n\nE. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Human pathogens in these wastes can cause short-term health effects, such as diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a greater health risk for infants, young children, the elderly, and people with severely compromised immune system.\n\n(4) Source water fecal indicator (E. coli)\n\nTT\n\nTT\n\n0 for E. coli\n\nFecal indicators are microbes whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Microbes in these wastes can cause short term health effects, such as diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, some of the elderly, and people with severely compromised immune system.\n\n(5) Groundwater rule TT violations other than source water fecal indicator E. coli abovea\n\nTT\n\nTT\n\nInadequately treated or inadequately protected water may contain disease-causing organisms. These organisms can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, cramps, and associated headaches.\n\n(6)Turbidity\n\nTT\n\nTT\n\nn/a\n\nSoil runoff\n\nTurbidity has no health effects. However, turbidity can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate the presence of disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches.\n\n(7) Giardia lamblia, viruses, Hetrotropic plate count, Legionella, Cryptosporidiuma\n\nTTc\n\nn/a\n\n0\n\nn/a\n\nInadequately treated water may contain disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches.\n\nRadioactive Contaminants\n\n(8) Beta/photon emitters (mrem/yr)\n\n4 mrem/yr\n\n4\n\n0\n\nDecay of natural and man-made deposits\n\nCertain minerals are radioactive and may emit forms of radiation known as photons and beta radiation. Some people who drink water containing beta and photon emitters in excess of the PMCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(9) Alpha emitters (pCi/L)\n\n15 pCi/L\n\n15\n\n0\n\nErosion of natural deposits\n\nCertain minerals are radioactive and may emit a form of radiation known as alpha radiation. Some people who drink water containing alpha emitters in excess of the PMCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(10) Combined radium (pCi/L)\n\n5 pCi/L\n\n5\n\n0\n\nErosion of natural deposits\n\nSome people who drink water containing radium-226 or radium-228 in excess of the PMCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(11) Uranium (ppb)\n\n30 μg/L\n\n30\n\n0\n\nErosion of natural deposits\n\nSome people who drink water containing uranium in excess of the PMCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer and kidney toxicity.\n\nInorganic Contaminants\n\n(12) Antimony (ppb)\n\n0.006\n\n1000\n\n6\n\n6\n\nDischarge from petroleum refineries; fire retardants; ceramics; electronics; solder\n\nSome people who drink water containing antimony well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience increases in blood cholesterol and decreases in blood sugar.\n\n(13) Arsenic (ppb)\n\n0.010\n\n1000\n\n10.\n\n0\n\nErosion of natural deposits; Runoff from orchards; Runoff from glass and electronics production wastes\n\nSome people who drink water containing arsenic in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience skin damage or problems with their circulatory system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(14) Asbestos (MFL)\n\n7 MFL\n\n7\n\n7\n\nDecay of asbestos cement water mains; Erosion of natural deposits\n\nSome people who drink water containing asbestos in excess of the PMCL over many years may have an increased risk of developing benign intestinal polyps.\n\n(15) Barium (ppm)\n\n2\n\n2\n\n2\n\nDischarge of drilling wastes; Discharge from metal refineries; Erosion of natural deposits\n\nSome people who drink water containing barium in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience an increase in their blood pressure.\n\n(16) Beryllium (ppb)\n\n0.004\n\n1000\n\n4\n\n4\n\nDischarge from metal refineries and coal-burning factories; Discharge from electrical, aerospace, and defense industries\n\nSome people who drink water containing beryllium well in excess of the PMCL over many years could develop intestinal lesions.\n\n(17) Cadmium (ppb)\n\n0.005\n\n1000\n\n5\n\n5\n\nCorrosion of galvanized pipes; Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge from metal refineries; Runoff from waste batteries and paints\n\nSome people who drink water containing cadmium in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience kidney damage.\n\n(18) Chromium (ppb)\n\n0.1\n\n1000\n\n100\n\n100\n\nDischarge from steel and pulp mills; Erosion of natural deposits\n\nSome people who drink water containing chromium well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience allergic dermatitis.\n\n(19) Copper (ppm)\n\nAL=1.3\n\nAL=1.3\n\n1.3\n\nCorrosion of household plumbing systems; Erosion of natural deposits\n\nCopper is an essential nutrient, but some people who drink water containing copper in excess of the AL over a relatively short amount of time could experience gastrointestinal distress. Some people who drink water containing copper in excess of the action level over many years could suffer liver or kidney damage. People with Wilson's Disease should consult their personal doctor.\n\n(20) Cyanide (ppb)\n\n0.2\n\n1000\n\n200\n\n200\n\nDischarge from steel or metal factories; Discharge from plastic and fertilizer factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing cyanide well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience nerve damage or problems with their thyroid.\n\n(21) Fluoride (ppm)\n\n4\n\n4\n\n4\n\nErosion of natural deposits; Water additive that promotes strong teeth; Discharge from fertilizer and aluminum factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing fluoride in excess of the PMCL over many years could get bone disease, including pain and tenderness of the bones. Fluoride in drinking water at half the PMCL or more may cause mottling of children's teeth, usually in children less than nine years old. Mottling, also known as dental fluorosis, may include brown staining or pitting of the teeth, and occurs only in developing teeth before they erupt from the gums.\n\n(22) Lead (ppb)\n\nAL=0.015\n\n1000\n\nAL=15\n\n0\n\nCorrosion of household plumbing systems; Erosion of natural deposits\n\nInfants and children who drink water containing lead in excess of the AL could experience delays in their physical or mental development. Children could show slight deficits in attention span and learning abilities. Adults who drink this water over many years could develop kidney problems or high blood pressure.\n\n(23) Mercury [inorganic] (ppb)\n\n0.002\n\n1000\n\n2\n\n2\n\nErosion of natural deposits; Discharge from refineries and factories; Runoff from landfills; Runoff from cropland\n\nSome people who drink water containing inorganic mercury well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience kidney damage.\n\n(24) Nitrate (ppm)\n\n10\n\n10\n\n10\n\nRunoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from septic tanks, sewage; Erosion of natural deposits\n\nInfants younger than the age of six months who drink water containing nitrate in excess of the PMCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome.\n\n(25) Nitrite (ppm)\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\nRunoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from septic tanks, sewage; Erosion of natural deposits\n\nInfants younger than the age of six months who drink water containing nitrite in excess of the PMCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome.\n\n(26) Total Nitrate and Nitrite\n\n10\n\nn/a\n\n10\n\nn/a\n\nInfants younger than the age of six months who drink water containing nitrate and nitrite in excess of the PMCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome.\n\n(27) Selenium (ppb)\n\n0.05\n\n1000\n\n50\n\n50\n\nDischarge from petroleum and metal refineries; Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge from mines\n\nSelenium is an essential nutrient. However, some people who drink water containing selenium in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience hair or fingernail losses, numbness in fingers or toes, or problems with their circulation.\n\n(28) Thallium (ppb)\n\n0.002\n\n1000\n\n2\n\n0.5\n\nLeaching from ore-processing sites; Discharge from electronics, glass, and drug factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing thallium in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience hair loss, changes in their blood, or problems with their kidneys, intestines, or liver.\n\nSynthetic Organic Chemicals including Pesticides and Herbicides\n\n(29) 2,4-D (ppb)\n\n0.07\n\n1000\n\n70\n\n70\n\nRunoff from herbicides used on row crops\n\nSome people who drink water containing the weed killer 2,4-D well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys, liver, or adrenal glands.\n\n(30) 2,4,5-TP [Silvex] (ppb)\n\n0.05\n\n1000\n\n50\n\n50\n\nResidue of banned herbicide\n\nSome people who drink water containing silvex in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience liver problems.\n\n(31) Acrylamide\n\nTT\n\nTT\n\n0\n\nAdded to water during sewage or wastewater treatment\n\nSome people who drink water containing high levels of acrylamide over a long period of time could have problems with their nervous system or blood and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(32) Alachlor (ppb)\n\n0.002\n\n1000\n\n2\n\n0\n\nRunoff from herbicide used on row crops\n\nSome people who drink water containing alachlor in excess of the PMCL over many years could have problems with their eyes, liver, kidneys, or spleen, or experience anemia and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(33) Atrazine (ppb)\n\n0.003\n\n1000\n\n3\n\n3\n\nRunoff from herbicide used on row crops\n\nSome people who drink water containing atrazine well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their cardiovascular system or reproductive difficulties.\n\n(34) Benzo(a)pyrene [PAH]\n\n0.0002\n\n1,000,000\n\n200\n\n0\n\nLeaching from linings of water storage tanks and distribution lines\n\nSome people who drink water containing benzo(a)pyrene in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(35) Carbofuran (ppb)\n\n0.04\n\n1000\n\n40\n\n40\n\nLeaching of soil fumigant used on rice and alfalfa\n\nSome people who drink water containing carbofuran in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their blood, or nervous or reproductive systems.\n\n(36) Chlordane (ppb)\n\n0.002\n\n1000\n\n2\n\n0\n\nResidue of banned termiticide\n\nSome people who drink water containing chlordane in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or nervous system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(37) Dalapon (ppb)\n\n0.2\n\n1000\n\n200\n\n200\n\nRunoff from herbicide used on rights of way\n\nSome people who drink water containing dalapon well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience minor kidney changes.\n\n(38) Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (ppb)\n\n0.4\n\n1000\n\n400\n\n400\n\nDischarge from chemical factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing di(2-ethyhexyl)adipate well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience toxic effects, such as weight loss, liver enlargement or possible reproductive difficulties.\n\n(39) Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (ppb)\n\n0.006\n\n1000\n\n6\n\n0\n\nDischarge from rubber and chemical factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in excess of the PMCL over many years may have problems with their liver, or experience reproductive difficulties, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(40) Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) (ppt)\n\n0.0002\n\n1,000,000\n\n200\n\n0\n\nRunoff or leaching from soil fumigant used on soybeans, cotton, pineapples, and orchards\n\nSome people who drink water containing DBCP well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience reproductive problems and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(41) Dinoseb (ppb)\n\n0.007\n\n1000\n\n7\n\n7\n\nRunoff from herbicide used on soybeans and vegetables\n\nSome people who drink water containing dinoseb well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties.\n\n(42) Diquat (ppb)\n\n0.02\n\n1000\n\n20\n\n20\n\nRunoff from herbicide use\n\nSome people who drink water containing diquat in excess of the PMCL over many years could get cataracts.\n\n(43) Dioxin [2,3,7,8-TCDD] (ppq)\n\n0.00000003\n\n1,000,000,000\n\n30\n\n0\n\nEmissions from waste incineration and other combustion; Discharge from chemical factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing dioxin in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(44) Endothall (ppb)\n\n0.1\n\n1000\n\n100\n\n100\n\nRunoff from herbicide use\n\nSome people who drink water containing endothall in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their stomach or intestines.\n\n(45) Endrin (ppb)\n\n0.002\n\n1000\n\n2\n\n2\n\nRunoff of banned insecticide\n\nSome people who drink water containing endrin in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience liver problems.\n\n(46) Epichlorohydrin\n\nTT\n\nTT\n\n0\n\nDischarge from industrial chemical factories; An impurity of some water treatment chemicals\n\nSome people who drink water containing high levels of epichlorohydrin over a long period of time could experience stomach problems and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(47) Ethylene dibromide (ppt)\n\n0.00005\n\n1,000,000\n\n50\n\n0\n\nDischarge from petroleum refineries\n\nSome people who drink water containing ethylene dibromide in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, stomach, reproductive system, or kidneys, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(48) Glyphosate (ppb)\n\n0.7\n\n1000\n\n700\n\n700\n\nRunoff from herbicide use\n\nSome people who drink water containing glyphosate in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or reproductive difficulties.\n\n(49) Heptachlor (ppt)\n\n0.0004\n\n1,000,000\n\n400\n\n0\n\nResidue of banned pesticide\n\nSome people who drink water containing heptachlor in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience liver damage and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(50) Heptachlor epoxide (ppt)\n\n0.0002\n\n1,000,000\n\n200\n\n0\n\nBreakdown of heptachlor\n\nSome people who drink water containing heptachlor epoxide in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience liver damage and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(51) Hexachlorobenzene (ppb)\n\n0.001\n\n1000\n\n1\n\n0\n\nDischarge from metal refineries and agricultural chemical factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing hexachlorobenzene in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys or adverse reproductive effects and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(52) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (ppb)\n\n0.05\n\n1000\n\n50\n\n50\n\nDischarge from chemical factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing hexachlorocyclopentadiene well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their stomach or kidneys.\n\n(53) Lindane (ppt)\n\n0.0002\n\n1,000,000\n\n200\n\n200\n\nRunoff or leaching from insecticide used on cattle, lumber, gardens\n\nSome people who drink water containing lindane in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or liver.\n\n(54) Methoxychlor (ppb)\n\n0.04\n\n1000\n\n40\n\n40\n\nRunoff or leaching from insecticide used on fruits, vegetables, alfalfa, livestock\n\nSome people who drink water containing methoxychlor in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties.\n\n(55) Oxamyl [Vydate] (ppb)\n\n0.2\n\n1000\n\n200\n\n200\n\nRunoff or leaching from insecticide used on apples, potatoes, and tomatoes\n\nSome people who drink water containing oxamyl in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience slight nervous system effects.\n\n(56) PCBs [Polychlorinated biphenyls] (ppt)\n\n0.0005\n\n1,000,000\n\n500\n\n0\n\nRunoff from landfills; Discharge of waste chemicals\n\nSome people who drink water containing PCBs in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience changes in their skin, problems with their thymus gland, immune deficiencies, or reproductive or nervous system difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(57) Pentachlorophenol (ppb)\n\n0.001\n\n1000\n\n1\n\n0\n\nDischarge from wood preserving factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing pentachlorophenol in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(58) Picloram (ppb)\n\n0.5\n\n1000\n\n500\n\n500\n\nHerbicide runoff\n\nSome people who drink water containing picloram in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.\n\n(59) Simazine (ppb)\n\n0.004\n\n1000\n\n4\n\n4\n\nHerbicide runoff\n\nSome people who drink water containing simazine in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their blood.\n\n(60) Toxaphene (ppb)\n\n0.003\n\n1000\n\n3\n\n0\n\nRunoff or leaching from insecticide used on cotton and cattle\n\nSome people who drink water containing toxaphene in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their thyroid, kidneys, or liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\nVolatile Organic Chemicals\n\n(61) Benzene (ppb)\n\n0.005\n\n1000\n\n5\n\n0\n\nDischarge from factories; Leaching from gas storage tanks and landfills\n\nSome people who drink water containing benzene in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience anemia or a decrease in blood platelets and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(62) Carbon tetrachloride (ppb)\n\n0.005\n\n1000\n\n5\n\n0\n\nDischarge from chemical plants and other industrial activities\n\nSome people who drink water containing carbon tetrachloride in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(63) Chlorobenzene (ppb)\n\n0.1\n\n1000\n\n100\n\n100\n\nDischarge from chemical and agricultural chemical factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing chlorobenzene in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys.\n\n(64) o-Dichlorobenzene (ppb)\n\n0.6\n\n1000\n\n600\n\n600\n\nDischarge from industrial chemical factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing o-dichlorobenzene well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or spleen or changes in their blood.\n\n(65) p-Dichlorobenzene (ppb)\n\n0.075\n\n1000\n\n75\n\n75\n\nDischarge from industrial chemical factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing p-dichlorobenzene in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience anemia, damage to their liver, kidneys, or circulatory systems.\n\n(66) 1,2-Dichloroethane (ppb)\n\n0.005\n\n1000\n\n5\n\n0\n\nDischarge from industrial chemical factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing 1,2-dichloroethane in excess of the PMCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(67) 1,1-Dichloroethylene (ppb)\n\n0.007\n\n1000\n\n7\n\n7\n\nDischarge from industrial chemical factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing 1,1-dichloroethylene in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.\n\n(68) cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene (ppb)\n\n0.07\n\n1000\n\n70\n\n70\n\nDischarge from industrial chemical factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing cis-1,2-dichloroethylene in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.\n\n(69) trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (ppb)\n\n0.1\n\n1000\n\n100\n\n100\n\nDischarge from industrial chemical factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing trans-1,2-dichloroethylene well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.\n\n(70) Dichloromethane (ppb)\n\n0.005\n\n1000\n\n5\n\n0\n\nDischarge from pharmaceutical and chemical factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing dichloromethane in excess of the PMCL over many years could have liver problems and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(71) 1,2-Dichloropropane (ppb)\n\n0.005\n\n1000\n\n5\n\n0\n\nDischarge from industrial chemical factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing 1,2-dichloropropane in excess of the PMCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(72) Ethylbenzene (ppb)\n\n0.7\n\n1000\n\n700\n\n700\n\nDischarge from petroleum refineries\n\nSome people who drink water containing ethylbenzene well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys.\n\n(73) Styrene (ppb)\n\n0.1\n\n1000\n\n100\n\n100\n\nDischarge from rubber and plastic factories; Leaching from landfills\n\nSome people who drink water containing styrene well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or circulatory system.\n\n(74) Tetrachloroethylene (ppb)\n\n0.005\n\n1000\n\n5\n\n0\n\nDischarge from factories and dry cleaners\n\nSome people who drink water containing tetrachloroethylene in excess of the PMCL over many years could have problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(75) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (ppb)\n\n0.07\n\n1000\n\n70\n\n70\n\nDischarge from textile-finishing factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene well in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience changes in their adrenal glands.\n\n(76) 1,1,1,-Trichloroethane (ppb)\n\n0.2\n\n1000\n\n200\n\n200\n\nDischarge from metal degreasing sites and other factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing 1,1,1-trichloroethane in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, nervous system, or circulatory system.\n\n(77) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (ppb)\n\n0.005\n\n1000\n\n5\n\n3\n\nDischarge from industrial chemical factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing 1,1,2-trichloroethane well in excess of the PMCL over many years could have problems with their liver, kidneys, or immune systems.\n\n(78) Trichloroethylene (ppb)\n\n0.005\n\n1000\n\n5\n\n0\n\nDischarge from metal degreasing sites and other factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing trichloroethylene in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(79) Toluene (ppm)\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\nDischarge from petroleum factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing toluene well in excess of the PMCL over many years could have problems with their nervous system, kidneys, or liver.\n\n(80) Vinyl Chloride (ppb)\n\n0.002\n\n1000\n\n2\n\n0\n\nLeaching from PVC piping; Discharge from plastic factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing vinyl chloride in excess of the PMCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(81) Xylenes (ppm)\n\n10\n\n10\n\n10\n\nDischarge from petroleum factories; Discharge from chemical factories\n\nSome people who drink water containing xylenes in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience damage to their nervous system.\n\nDisinfection Byproducts, Precursors, and Residuals\n\n(82) TTHM [total trihalomethanes] (ppb)\n\n0.080\n\n1000\n\n80\n\nn/a\n\nByproduct of drinking water disinfection\n\nSome people who drink water containing trihalomethanes (THMs) in excess of the PMCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or central nervous systems, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(83) Haloacetic acids (HAA) (ppb)\n\n0.060\n\n1000\n\n60\n\nn/a\n\nByproduct of drinking water disinfection\n\nSome people who drink water containing haloacetic acids in excess of the PMCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(84) Bromate (ppb)\n\n0.010\n\n1000\n\n10\n\n0\n\nByproduct of drinking water disinfection\n\nSome people who drink water containing bromate in excess of the PMCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\n(85) Chloramines (ppm)\n\nMRDL=4.0\n\nMRDL=4.0\n\nMRDLG=4\n\nWater additive used to control microbes\n\nSome people who use water containing chloramines well in excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and nose. Some people who drink water containing chloramines well in excess of the MRDL could experience stomach discomfort or anemia.\n\n(86) Chlorine (ppm)\n\nMRDL=4.0\n\nMRDL=4.0\n\nMRDLG=4\n\nWater additive used to control microbes\n\nSome people who use water containing chlorine well in excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and nose. Some people who drink water containing chlorine well in excess of the MRDL could experience stomach discomfort.\n\n(87) Chlorine dioxide (ppb)b\n\nMRDL=0.8\n\n1000\n\nMRDL=800\n\nMRDLG=800\n\nWater additive used to control microbes\n\nSome infants and young children who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL could experience nervous system effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL. Some people may experience anemia.\n\n(88) Chlorine dioxide, where any two consecutive daily samples collected at the entrance to the distribution system are above the MRDL.a\n\nMRDL=0.8\n\nMRDLG=0.8\n\nThe chlorine dioxide violations reported today are the result of exceedances at the treatment facility only, not within the distribution system that delivers water to consumers. Continued compliance with chlorine dioxide levels within the distribution system minimizes the potential risk of these violations to consumers.\n\n(89) Chlorine dioxide, where one or more distribution system samples are above the MRDL.a\n\nMRDL=0.8\n\nMRDLG=0.8\n\nThe chlorine dioxide violations reported today include exceedances of EPA standard within the distribution system that delivers water to consumers. Violations of the chlorine dioxide standard within the distribution system may harm human health based on short-term exposures. Certain groups, including fetuses, infants, and young children, may be especially susceptible to nervous system effects from excessive chlorine dioxide exposure.\n\n(90) Chlorite (ppm)\n\n1.0\n\n1.0\n\n0.8\n\nByproduct of drinking water disinfection\n\nSome infants and young children who drink water containing chlorite in excess of the PMCL could experience nervous system effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorite in excess of the PMCL. Some people may experience anemia.\n\n(91) Total organic carbon (ppm)\n\nTT\n\nTT\n\nn/a\n\nNaturally present in the environment\n\nTotal organic carbon (TOC) has no health effects. However, total organic carbon provides a medium for the formation of disinfection byproducts. These byproducts include trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Drinking water containing these byproducts in excess of the PMCL may lead to adverse health effects, liver or kidney problems or nervous systems effects and may lead to an increased risk of getting cancer.\n\naThis information is for public notification purposes only.\n\nbThis information is for the CCR purposes only.\n\ncViolations of the treatment technique requirements for filtration and disinfection that involve turbidity exceedances may use the health effects language for turbidity instead.","path":["Title 12. Health","Agency 5. Department of Health","Chapter 590. Waterworks Regulations","Part II. Operation Regulations for Waterworks","Article 3. Operation of Waterworks [Repealed]"],"source_url":"https://law.lis.virginia.gov/admincode/title12/agency5/chapter590/section546/","current_through":"2026 Regular Session (effective July 1, 2026)","vintage":"","retrieved_at":"2026-09-14T04:50:41Z","sha256":"c8f22426fbffb5538d8acac5dc9003191190e04f0acc391b2b2436bbd3cd90f2","source_id":"us-va-vac","stale":false,"prev":"us-va/12vac5-590-545","next":"us-va/12vac5-590-550"},"notice":"GroundRules: Original legal text. Not legal advice."}