{"data":{"id":"us/45-cfr-681.2","jurisdiction":"us","citation":"45 CFR 681.2","heading":"Definitions.","body":"For the purposes of this part—\nALJ means an Administrative Law Judge in the authority appointed pursuant to section 3105 of title 5 or detailed to the authority pursuant to section 3344 of title 5.\nAuthority means the National Science Foundation.\nAuthority head means the Director of the National Science Foundation or the Director's designee.\nBenefit is intended to cover anything of value, including but not limited to, any advantage, preference, privilege, license, permit, favorable decision, ruling, status, or loan guarantee.\nClaim is defined in section 3801(a)(3) of title 31 of the United States Code.\nComplaint means the administrative complaint served by the reviewing official on the defendant under § 681.8.\nDefendant means any person alleged in a complaint under § 681.7 to be liable for a civil penalty or assessment pursuant to PFCRA.\nGovernment means the United States Government.\nIndividual means a natural person.\nInitial decision means the written decision of the ALJ required by § 681.33, and includes a revised initial decision issued following a remand or a motion for reconsideration.\nInvestigating official means the NSF Inspector General or an employee of the Office of Inspector General designated by the Inspector General.\nKnows or has reason to know is defined in section 3801(a)(5) of title 31 of the United States Code.\nMakes shall include the terms presents, submits, and causes to be made, presented, or submitted. As the context requires, making or made shall likewise include the corresponding forms of such terms.\nPerson means any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or private organization, and includes the plural of that term.\nRepresentative means an attorney who is in good standing of the bar of any State, Territory, or possession of the United States, or of the District of Columbia, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any other individual designated in writing by the defendant.\nReviewing official means the General Counsel of NSF or the General Counsel's designee.\nStatement is defined in section 3801(a)(9) of title 5 of the United States Code.","path":["Title 45—Public Welfare","Subtitle B—Regulations Relating to Public Welfare","CHAPTER VI—NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION","PART 681—PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES ACT REGULATIONS"],"source_url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/api/versioner/v1/full/2026-08-25/title-45.xml","current_through":"2026-08-25","vintage":"","retrieved_at":"2026-08-27T02:26:21Z","sha256":"ca52700978241bcad1e8dccd06e9026869c00b7b23aa792c09ced8220d989cef","source_id":"us-cfr","stale":true,"prev":"us/45-cfr-681.1","next":"us/45-cfr-681.3"},"notice":"GroundRules: Original legal text. Not legal advice."}