{"data":{"id":"us/47-cfr-73.190","jurisdiction":"us","citation":"47 CFR 73.190","heading":"Engineering charts and related formulas.","body":"(a) This section consists of the following Figures: 2, r3, 5, 6a, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13. Additionally, formulas that are directly related to graphs are included.\n(b) Formula 1 is used for calculation of 50% skywave field strength values.\nFormula 1. Skywave field strength, 50% of the time (at SS + 6):\nThe skywave field strength, Fc(50), for a characteristic field strength of 100 mV/m at 1 km is given by:\nThe slant distance, D, is given by:\nThe geomagnetic latitude of the midpoint of the path, ΦM, is given by:\nΦM = arcsin[sin aM sin 78.5° + cos aM cos 78.5° cos(69 + bM)]degrees (Eq. 3)\nThe short great-circle path distance, d, is given by:\nWhere:\nd° = arccos[sin aT sin aR + cos aT cos aR cos(bR − bT)]degrees (Eq.5)\nWhere:\naT is the geographic latitude of the transmitting terminal (degrees)\naR is the geographic latitude of the receiving terminal (degrees)\nbT is the geographic longitude of the transmitting terminal (degrees)\nbR is the geographic longitude of the receiving terminal (degrees)\naM is the geographic latitude of the midpoint of the great-circle path (degrees) and is given by:\nbM is the geographic longitude of the midpoint of the great-circle path (degrees) and is given by:\nNote (1): If |FM| is greater than 60 degrees, equation (1) is evaluated for | FM| = 60 degrees.\nNote (2): North and east are considered positive; south and west negative.\nNote (3): In equation (7), k = −1 for west to east paths (i.e., bR \u003ebT), otherwise k = 1.\n(c) Formula 2 is used for calculation of 10% skywave field strength values.\nFormula 2. Skywave field strength, 10% of the time (at SS + 6):\nThe skywave field strength, Fc(10), is given by:\nFc(10) = Fc(50) + Δ dB(µV/m)\nWhere:\nΔ = 6 when | FM| \u003c40\nΔ = 0.2 | FM| − 2 when 40 ≤| FM| ≤60\nΔ = 10 when | FM| \u003e60\n(d) Figure 6a depicts angles of departure versus transmission range. These angles may also be computed using the following formulas:\nWhere:\nd = distance in kilometers\nn = 1 for 50% field strength values\nn = 2 or 3 for 10% field strength values\nand where\nK1 = 0.00752\nK2 = 0.00938\nK3 = 0.00565\nNote:\nComputations using these formulas should not be carried beyond 0.1 degree.\n(e) In the event of disagreement between computed values using the formulas shown above and values obtained directly from the figures, the computed values will control.","path":["Title 47—Telecommunication","CHAPTER I—FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION","SUBCHAPTER C—BROADCAST RADIO SERVICES","PART 73—RADIO BROADCAST SERVICES","Subpart A—AM Broadcast Stations"],"source_url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/api/versioner/v1/full/2026-08-25/title-47.xml","current_through":"2026-08-25","vintage":"","retrieved_at":"2026-08-27T02:26:28Z","sha256":"ce8907448fcad3f8408d4f9dfbff933fedb0859b57391caa6c508f5886af0a9c","source_id":"us-cfr","stale":true,"prev":"us/47-cfr-73.189","next":"us/47-cfr-73.201"},"notice":"GroundRules: Original legal text. Not legal advice."}