{"data":{"id":"us/49-cfr-531.5","jurisdiction":"us","citation":"49 CFR 531.5","heading":"Fuel economy standards.","body":"(a) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, each manufacturer of passenger automobiles shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy standards in table 1 to this paragraph (a), expressed in miles per gallon, in the model year specified as applicable:\nTable 1 to Paragraph (a)\nModel year Average fuel economy standard (miles per gallon)\n1978 18.0\n1979 19.0\n1980 20.0\n1981 22.0\n1982 24.0\n1983 26.0\n1984 27.0\n1985 27.5\n1986 26.0\n1987 26.0\n1988 26.0\n1989 26.5\n1990-2010 27.5\n(b) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, for model year 2011, a manufacturer's passenger automobile fleet shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy level calculated for that model year according to figure 1 and the appropriate values in table 2 to this paragraph (b).\nFigure 1 to Paragraph (b)\nWhere:\nN is the total number (sum) of passenger automobiles produced by a manufacturer;\nNi is the number (sum) of the ith passenger automobile model produced by the manufacturer; and\nTi is the fuel economy target of the ith model passenger automobile, which is determined according to the following formula, rounded to the nearest hundredth:\nWhere:\nParameters a, b, c, and d are defined in table 2 to this paragraph (b);\ne = 2.718; and\nx = footprint (in square feet, rounded to the nearest tenth) of the vehicle model.\nTable 2 to paragraph (b)— Parameters for the Passenger Automobile Fuel Economy Targets\nModel year Parameters\na (mpg) b (mpg) c (gal/mi/ft2) d (gal/mi)\n2011 31.20 24.00 51.41 1.91\n(c) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, for model years 2012-2031, a manufacturer's passenger automobile fleet shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy level calculated for that model year according to this figure 2 and the appropriate values in this table 3 to this paragraph (c).\nFigure 2 to Paragraph (c)\nWhere:\nCAFErequired is the fleet average fuel economy standard for a given fleet (domestic passenger automobiles or import passenger automobiles);\nSubscript i is a designation of multiple groups of automobiles, where each group's designation, i.e., i = 1, 2, 3, etc., represents automobiles that share a unique model type and footprint within the applicable fleet, either domestic passenger automobiles or import passenger automobiles;\nProductioni is the number of passenger automobiles produced for sale in the United States within each ith designation, i.e., which share the same model type and footprint;\nTARGETi is the fuel economy target in miles per gallon (mpg) applicable to the footprint of passenger automobiles within each ith designation, i.e., which share the same model type and footprint, calculated according to figure 3 to this paragraph (c) and rounded to the nearest hundredth of a mpg, i.e., 35.455 = 35.46 mpg, and the summations in the numerator and denominator are both performed over all models in the fleet in question.\nFigure 3 to Paragraph (c)\nWhere:\nTARGET is the fuel economy target (in mpg) applicable to vehicles of a given footprint (FOOTPRINT, in square feet);\nParameters a, b, c, and d are defined in table 3 to this paragraph (c); and\nThe MIN and MAX functions take the minimum and maximum, respectively, of the included values.\nTable 3 to Paragraph (c)—Parameters for the Passenger Automobile Fuel Economy Targets, MYs 2012-2031\nModel year Parameters\na (mpg) b (mpg) c (gal/mi/ft2) d (gal/mi)\n2012 35.95 27.95 0.0005308 0.006057\n2013 36.80 28.46 0.0005308 0.005410\n2014 37.75 29.03 0.0005308 0.004725\n2015 39.24 29.90 0.0005308 0.003719\n2016 41.09 30.96 0.0005308 0.002573\n2017 43.61 32.65 0.0005131 0.001896\n2018 45.21 33.84 0.0004954 0.001811\n2019 46.87 35.07 0.0004783 0.001729\n2020 48.74 36.47 0.0004603 0.001643\n2021 49.48 37.02 0.000453 0.00162\n2022 50.24 37.59 0.000447 0.00159\n2023 51.00 38.16 0.000440 0.00157\n2024 55.44 41.48 0.000405 0.00144\n2025 60.26 45.08 0.000372 0.00133\n2026 66.95 50.09 0.000335 0.00120\n2027 68.32 51.12 0.00032841 0.00117220\n2028 69.71 52.16 0.00032184 0.00114876\n2029 71.14 53.22 0.00031541 0.00112579\n2030 72.59 54.31 0.00030910 0.00110327\n2031 74.07 55.42 0.00030292 0.00108120\n(d) In addition to the requirements of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, each manufacturer, other than manufacturers subject to standards in paragraph (e) of this section, shall also meet the minimum fleet standard for domestically manufactured passenger automobiles expressed in table 4 to this paragraph (d):\nTable 4 to Paragraph (d)—Minimum Fuel Economy Standards for Domestically Manufactured Passenger Automobiles, MYs 2011-2031\nModel year Minimum standard\n2011 27.8\n2012 30.7\n2013 31.4\n2014 32.1\n2015 33.3\n2016 34.7\n2017 36.7\n2018 38.0\n2019 39.4\n2020 40.9\n2021 39.9\n2022 40.6\n2023 41.1\n2024 44.3\n2025 48.1\n2026 53.5\n2027 54.2\n2028 55.2\n2029 56.4\n2030 57.5\n2031 58.7\n(e) The following manufacturers shall comply with the standards indicated in paragraphs (e)(1) through (15) of this section for the specified model years:\n(1) Avanti Motor Corporation.\nTable 5 to § 531.5(e)(1)—Average Fuel Economy Standards\nModel year Miles per gallon\n1978 16.1\n1979 14.5\n1980 15.8\n1981 18.2\n1982 18.2\n1983 16.9\n1984 16.9\n1985 16.9\n(2) Rolls-Royce Motors, Inc.\nTable 6 to § 531.5(e)(2)—Average Fuel Economy Standards\nModel year Miles per gallon\n1978 10.7\n1979 10.8\n1980 11.1\n1981 10.7\n1982 10.6\n1983 9.9\n1984 10.0\n1985 10.0\n1986 11.0\n1987 11.2\n1988 11.2\n1989 11.2\n1990 12.7\n1991 12.7\n1992 13.8\n1993 13.8\n1994 13.8\n1995 14.6\n1996 14.6\n1997 15.1\n1998 16.3\n1999 16.3\n(3) Checker Motors Corporation.\nTable 7 to § 531.5(e)(3)—Average Fuel Economy Standards\nModel year Miles per gallon\n1978 17.6\n1979 16.5\n1980 18.5\n1981 18.3\n1982 18.4\n(4) Aston Martin Lagonda Limited.\nTable 8 to § 531.5(e)(4)—Average Fuel Economy Standard\nModel year (Miles per gallon)\n1979 11.5\n1980 12.1\n1981 12.2\n1982 12.2\n1983 11.3\n1984 11.3\n1985 11.4\n2008 19.0\n2009 18.6\n2010 19.2\n2011 19.1\n2012 19.2\n2013 20.1\n2014 19.7\n2015 19.8\n2016 20.2\n2017 21.4\n2018 22.9\n2019 22.4\n2020 22.6\n2021 24.9\n2022 24.9\n2023 24.9\n(5) Excalibur Automobile Corporation.\nTable 9 to § 531.5(e)(5)—Average Fuel Economy Standards\nModel year Miles per gallon\n1978 11.5\n1979 11.5\n1980 16.2\n1981 17.9\n1982 17.9\n1983 16.6\n1984 16.6\n1985 16.6\n(6) Lotus Cars Ltd.\nTable 10 to § 531.5(e)(6)—Average Fuel Economy Standards\nModel year Miles per gallon\n1994 24.2\n1995 23.3\n(7) Officine Alfieri Maserati, S.p.A.\nTable 11 to § 531.5(e)(7)—Average Fuel Economy Standard\nModel year Miles per gallon\n1978 12.5\n1979 12.5\n1980 9.5\n1984 17.9\n1985 16.8\n(8) Lamborghini of North America.\nTable 12 to § 531.5(e)(8)—Average Fuel Economy Standard\nModel year Miles per gallon\n1983 13.7\n1984 13.7\n(9) LondonCoach Co., Inc.\nTable 13 to § 531.5(e)(9)—Average Fuel Economy Standard\nModel year Miles per gallon\n1985 21.0\n1986 21.0\n1987 21.0\n(10) Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A./Vector Aeromotive Corporation.\nTable 14 § 531.5(e)(10)—Average Fuel Economy Standard\nModel year Miles per gallon\n1995 12.8\n1996 12.6\n1997 12.5\n(11) Dutcher Motors, Inc.\nTable 15 to § 531.5(e)(11)—Average Fuel Economy Standard\nModel year Miles per gallon\n1986 16.0\n1987 16.0\n1988 16.0\n1992 17.0\n1993 17.0\n1994 17.0\n1995 17.0\n(12) MedNet, Inc.\nTable 16 to § 531.5(e)(12)—Average Fuel Economy Standard\nModel year Average fuel economy standard (miles per gallon)\n1996 17.0\n1997 17.0\n1998 17.0\n(13) Vector Aeromotive Corporation.\nTable 17 to § 531.5(e)(13)—Average Fuel Economy Standard\nModel year Miles per gallon\n1998 12.1\n(14) Qvale Automotive Group Srl.\nTable 18 to § 531.5(e)(14)—Average Fuel Economy Standard\nModel year Miles per gallon\n2000 22.0\n2001 22.0\n(15) Spyker Automobielen B.V.\nTable 19 to § 531.5(e)(15)—Average Fuel Economy Standard\nModel year (Miles per gallon)\n2006 18.9\n2007 18.9\n2008 19.6\n2009 19.6\n2010 20.7\n(16) Ferrari.\nTable 20 to § 531.5(e)(16)—Average Fuel Economy Standard\nModel year (Miles per gallon)\n2016 21.7\n2017 21.5\n2018 21.6\n2020 21.1\n(17) Koenigsegg.\nTable 21 to § 531.5(e)(17)—Average Fuel Economy Standard\nModel year (Miles per gallon)\n2015 16.7\n2018 16.7\n2019 16.6\n2020 16.6\n2021 16.6\n2022 16.9\n2023 16.9\n(18) McLaren.\nTable 22 to § 531.5(e)(18)—Average Fuel Economy Standard\nModel year (Miles per gallon)\n2012 23.2\n2013 24.0\n2014 23.8\n2015 22.9\n2016 23.2\n2017 24.3\n2018 23.3\n2019 22.5\n2020 22.5\n2021 21.5\n2022 24.6\n2023 25.7\n(19) Mobility Ventures.\nTable 23 to § 531.5(e)(19)—Average Fuel Economy Standard\nModel year (Miles per gallon)\n2014 19.6\n2015 20.1\n2016 20.1\n(20) Pagani.\nTable 24 to § 531.5(e)(20)—Average Fuel Economy Standard\nModel year (Miles per gallon)\n2014 15.6\n2016 15.6\n2017 15.6\n2018 15.6\n2019 15.5\n2020 15.5\n2021 15.5\n2022 15.5\n2023 15.5","path":["Title 49—Transportation","Subtitle B—Other Regulations Relating to Transportation","CHAPTER V—NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION","PART 531—PASSENGER AUTOMOBILE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS"],"source_url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/api/versioner/v1/full/2026-08-25/title-49.xml","current_through":"2026-08-25","vintage":"","retrieved_at":"2026-08-27T02:26:34Z","sha256":"b3d2611cdbc1e4c6c9604da14a5397b63477fb068b2bb0bb5ef7847339927f38","source_id":"us-cfr","stale":true,"prev":"us/49-cfr-531.4","next":"us/49-cfr-531.6"},"notice":"GroundRules: Original legal text. Not legal advice."}