N.Y. Navigation Law § 48: Negligence in use or operation of vessel attributable to owner

§ 48. Negligence in use or operation of vessel attributable to owner.

1. Every owner of a vessel used or operated upon the navigable waters of

the state or any tidewaters bordering on or lying within the boundaries

of Nassau and Suffolk counties, shall be liable and responsible for

death or injuries to person or property resulting from negligence in the

use or operation of such vessel, in the business of such owner, or

otherwise, by any person using or operating the same with the

permission, express or implied, of such owner.

The use or operation by a non-resident or non-residents of a vessel in

this state, or the use or operation in this state of a vessel in the

business of a non-resident, or the use or operation in this state of a

vessel owned by a non-resident if so used or operated with his

permission, express or implied, shall be deemed equivalent to an

appointment by such non-resident of the secretary of state to be his

true and lawful attorney upon whom may be served the summons in any

action against him, growing out of any accident or collision in which

such non-resident may be involved while using or operating such vessel

in this state or in which such vessel may be involved while being used

or operated in this state in the business of such non-resident or with

the permission, express or implied, of such non-resident owner; and such

use or operation shall be a signification of his agreement that any such

summons against him which is so served shall be of the same legal force

and validity as if served on him personally within the state and within

the territorial jurisdiction of the court from which the summons issues,

and that such appointment of the secretary of state shall be irrevocable

and binding upon his executor or administrator. Where such non-resident

has died prior to the commencement of an action brought pursuant to this

section, service of process shall be made on the executor or

administrator of such non-resident in the same manner and on the same

notice as is provided in the case of the non-resident himself. Where an

action has been duly commenced under the provisions of this section

against a non-resident who dies thereafter, the court must allow the

action to be continued against his executor or administrator upon motion

with such notice as the court may deem proper.

2. A summons in an action described in this section may issue in any

court in the state having jurisdiction of the subject matter and be

served as hereinafter provided. Service of such summons shall be made by

mailing a copy thereof to the secretary of state at his office in the

city of Albany, or by personally delivering a copy thereof to one of his

regularly established offices, with a fee of ten dollars, and such

service shall be sufficient service upon such non-resident provided that

notice of such service and a copy of the summons and complaint are

forthwith sent by or on behalf of the plaintiff to the defendant by

registered mail with return receipt requested. The plaintiff shall file

with the clerk of the court in which the action is pending, or with the

judge or justice of such court in case there be no clerk, an affidavit

of compliance herewith, a copy of the summons and complaint, and either

a return receipt purporting to be signed by the defendant or a person

qualified to receive his registered mail, in accordance with the rules

an customs of the post-office department; or, if acceptance was refused

by the defendant or his agent, the original envelope bearing a notation

by the postal authorities that receipt was refused, and an affidavit by

or on behalf of the plaintiff that notice of such mailing and refusal

was forthwith sent to the defendant by ordinary mail. Where the summons

is mailed to a foreign country, other official proof of the delivery of

the mail may be filed in case the post-office department is unable to

obtain such a return receipt. The foregoing papers shall be filed within

thirty days after the return receipt or other official proof of delivery

or the original envelope bearing a notation of refusal, as the case may

be, is received by the plaintiff. Service of process shall be complete

ten days after such papers are filed. The return receipt or other

official proof of delivery shall constitute presumptive evidence that

the summons mailed was received by the defendant or a person qualified

to receive his registered mail; and the notation or refusal shall

constitute presumptive evidence that the refusal was by the defendant or

his agent. Service of such summons also may be made by mailing a copy

thereof to the secretary of state at this office in the city of Albany,

or by personally delivering a copy thereof to one of his regularly

established offices, with a fee of ten dollars, and by delivering a

duplicate copy thereof, with the complaint annexed thereto, to the

defendant personally without the state by a resident or citizen of the

state of New York or a sheriff, under-sheriff, deputy-sheriff or

constable of the county or other political subdivision in which the

personal service is made, or an officer authorized by the laws of this

state, to take acknowledgements of deeds to be recorded in this state,

or an attorney and/or counselor at law, solicitor, advocate or barrister

duly qualified to practice in the state or country where such service is

made, or by a United States marshal or deputy United States marshal.

Proof of personal service without the state shall be filed with the

clerk of the court in which the action is pending within thirty days

after such service. Personal service without the state is complete ten

days after proof thereof is filed. The court in which the action is

pending may order such extensions as may be necessary to afford the

defendant reasonable opportunity to defend the action.

Nothing herein shall be construed as affecting other methods of

service of process against non-residents as provided by law.

3. As used in this section "vessel" means a vessel as defined in

section two, subdivision six of this chapter, except a vessel having a

valid marine document issued by the United States or a foreign

government.

4. As used in this section, "owner" means any person other than a lien

holder having the property in or title to a vessel, and also any lessee

or bailee having the exclusive use thereof, under a lease or otherwise,

for a period greater than thirty days, and their liability under this

section, shall be joint and several. If a vessel be sold under a

contract of conditional sale whereby the title to such vessel remains in

the vendor, such vendor or his assignee shall not, after delivery of

such vessel, be deemed an owner within the provisions of this section,

but the vendee or his assignee, receiving possession thereof, shall be

deemed such owner notwithstanding the terms of such contract, until the

vendor or his assignee shall retake possession of such vessel. A

chattel mortgagee, conditional vendor, or an entruster as defined by

section fifty-one of the personal property law, of any vessel out of

possession, shall not be deemed an owner within the provisions of this

section.

5. All bonds executed by or policies of insurance issued to the owner

of any vessel subject to the provisions of this section shall contain a

provision for indemnity or security against the liability and

responsibility provided in this section; but this provision shall not be

construed as requiring that such a policy include insurance against any

liability of the insured, being an individual, for death of or injuries

to his or her spouse or injury to property of either.

6. This section shall not be construed to affect any of the rights of

an owner under the laws of the United States.