N.Y. Penal Law § 155.05: Larceny; defined

§ 155.05 Larceny; defined.

1. A person steals property and commits larceny when, with intent to

deprive another of property or to appropriate the same to himself or to

a third person, he wrongfully takes, obtains or withholds such property

from an owner thereof.

2. Larceny includes a wrongful taking, obtaining or withholding of

another's property, with the intent prescribed in subdivision one of

this section, committed in any of the following ways:

(a) By conduct heretofore defined or known as common law larceny by

trespassory taking, common law larceny by trick, embezzlement, or

obtaining property by false pretenses;

(b) By acquiring lost property.

A person acquires lost property when he exercises control over

property of another which he knows to have been lost or mislaid, or to

have been delivered under a mistake as to the identity of the recipient

or the nature or amount of the property, without taking reasonable

measures to return such property to the owner;

(c) By committing the crime of issuing a bad check, as defined in

section 190.05;

(d) By false promise.

A person obtains property by false promise when, pursuant to a scheme

to defraud, he obtains property of another by means of a representation,

express or implied, that he or a third person will in the future engage

in particular conduct, and when he does not intend to engage in such

conduct or, as the case may be, does not believe that the third person

intends to engage in such conduct.

In any prosecution for larceny based upon a false promise, the

defendant's intention or belief that the promise would not be performed

may not be established by or inferred from the fact alone that such

promise was not performed. Such a finding may be based only upon

evidence establishing that the facts and circumstances of the case are

wholly consistent with guilty intent or belief and wholly inconsistent

with innocent intent or belief, and excluding to a moral certainty every

hypothesis except that of the defendant's intention or belief that the

promise would not be performed;

(e) By extortion.

A person obtains property by extortion when he compels or induces

another person to deliver such property to himself or to a third person

by means of instilling in him a fear that, if the property is not so

delivered, the actor or another will:

(i) Cause physical injury to some person in the future; or

(ii) Cause damage to property; or

(iii) Engage in other conduct constituting a crime; or

(iv) Accuse some person of a crime or cause criminal charges or

removal proceedings to be instituted against him or her; or

(v) Expose a secret or publicize an asserted fact, whether true or

false, tending to subject some person to hatred, contempt or ridicule;

or

(vi) Cause a strike, boycott or other collective labor group action

injurious to some person's business; except that such a threat shall not

be deemed extortion when the property is demanded or received for the

benefit of the group in whose interest the actor purports to act; or

(vii) Testify or provide information or withhold testimony or

information with respect to another's legal claim or defense; or

(viii) Use or abuse his position as a public servant by performing

some act within or related to his official duties, or by failing or

refusing to perform an official duty, in such manner as to affect some

person adversely; or

(ix) Perform any other act which would not in itself materially

benefit the actor but which is calculated to harm another person

materially with respect to such other person's health, safety, business,

calling, career, financial condition, reputation or personal

relationships;or

(f) By wage theft.

A person obtains property by wage theft when such person hires a

person to perform services and the person performs such services and the

person does not pay wages, at the minimum wage rate and overtime, or

promised wage, if greater than the minimum wage rate and overtime, to

said person for work performed. In a prosecution for wage theft, for the

purposes of venue, it is permissible to aggregate all nonpayments or

underpayments to one person from one person, into one larceny count,

even if the nonpayments or underpayments occurred in multiple counties.

It is also permissible to aggregate nonpayments or underpayments from a

workforce into one larceny count even if such nonpayments or

underpayments occurred in multiple counties; or

(g) By deed theft. A person commits deed theft when such person:

(i) Intentionally alters, falsifies, forges, or misrepresents any

written instrument involved in the conveyance or financing of real

property, such as a residential or commercial deed or title, with the

intent to deceive, defraud, or unlawfully transfer or encumber the

ownership rights or a portion thereof of a residential or commercial

property; or

(ii) with intent to defraud, misrepresents themselves as the owner or

authorized representative of residential or commercial real property to

induce others to rely on such false information in order to obtain

ownership or possession of such real property; or

(iii) with intent to defraud, takes, obtains, or transfers title or

ownership of real property by fraud, misrepresentation, forgery,

larceny, false pretenses, false promise, or any other fraudulent or

deceptive practice.