21 CFR 172.510: Natural flavoring substances and natural substances used in conjunction with flavors.

Natural flavoring substances and natural adjuvants may be safely used in food in accordance with the following conditions.

(a) They are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended physical or technical effect and in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice.

(b) In the appropriate forms (plant parts, fluid and solid extracts, concentrates, absolutes, oils, gums, balsams, resins, oleoresins, waxes, and distillates) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, previously sanctioned for such use, or regulated in any section of this part.

Common name Scientific name Limitations

Aloe Aloe perryi Baker, A. barbadensis Mill., A. ferox Mill., and hybrids of this sp. with A. africana Mill. and A. spicata Baker

Althea root and flowers Althea officinalis L

Amyris (West Indian sandalwood) Amyris balsamifera L

Angola weed Roccella fuciformis Ach In alcoholic beverages only

Arnica flowers Arnica montana L., A. fulgens Pursh, A. sororia Greene, or A. cordifolia Hooker Do.

Artemisia (wormwood) Artemisia spp Finished food thujone free 1

Artichoke leaves Cynara scolymus L In alcoholic beverages only

Benzoin resin Styrax benzoin Dryander, S. paralleloneurus Perkins, S. tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hartwich, or other spp. of the Section Anthostyrax of the genus Styrax

Blackberry bark Rubus, Section Eubatus

Boldus (boldo) leaves Peumus boldus Mol Do.

Boronia flowers Boronia megastigma Nees

Bryonia root Bryonia alba L., or B. diocia Jacq Do.

Buchu leaves Barosma betulina Bartl. et Wendl., B. crenulata (L.) Hook. or B. serratifolia Willd

Buckbean leaves Menyanthes trifoliata L Do.

Cajeput Melaleuca leucadendron L. and other Melaleuca spp

Calumba root Jateorhiza palmata (Lam.) Miers Do.

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Nees et Eberm Safrole free

Cascara sagrada Rhamnus purshiana DC

Cassie flowers Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd

Castor oil Ricinus communis L

Catechu, black Acacia catechu Willd

Cedar, white (aborvitae), leaves and twigs Thuja occidentalis L Finished food thujone free 1

Centuary Centaurium umbellatum Gilib In alcoholic beverages only

Cherry pits Prunus avium L. or P. cerasus L Not to exceed 25 p.p.m. prussic acid

Cherry-laurel leaves Prunus laurocerasus L Do.

Chestnut leaves Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh

Chirata Swertia chirata Buch.-Ham In alcoholic beverages only

Cinchona, red, bark Cinchona succirubra Pav. or its hybrids In beverages only; not more than 83 p.p.m. total cinchona alkaloids in finished beverage

Cinchona, yellow, bark Cinchona ledgeriana Moens, C. calisaya Wedd., or hybrids of these with other spp. of Cinchona. Do.

Copaiba South American spp. of Copaifera L

Cork, oak Quercus suber L., or Q. occidentalis F. Gay In alcoholic beverages only

Costmary Chrysanthemum balsamita L Do.

Costus root Saussurea lappa Clarke

Cubeb Piper cubeba L. f

Currant, black, buds and leaves Ribes nigrum L

Damiana leaves Turnera diffusa Willd

Davana Artemisia pallens Wall

Dill, Indian Anethum sowa Roxb. (Peucedanum graveolens Benth et Hook., Anethum graveolens L.)

Dittany (fraxinella) roots Dictamnus albus L Do.

Dittany of Crete Origanum dictamnus L

Dragon's blood (dracorubin) Daemonorops spp

Elder tree leaves Sambucus nigra L In alcoholic beverages only; not to exceed 25 p.p.m. prussic acid in the flavor

Elecampane rhizome and roots Inula helenium L In alcoholic beverages only

Elemi Canarium commune L. or C. luzonicum Miq

Erigeron Erigeron canadensis L

Eucalyptus globulus leaves Eucalyptus globulus Labill

Fir (“pine”) needles and twigs Abies sibirica Ledeb., A. alba Mill., A. sachalinesis Masters or A. mayriana Miyabe et Kudo

Fir, balsam, needles and twigs Abies balsamea (L.) Mill

Galanga, greater Alpinia galanga Willd Do.

Galbanum Ferula galbaniflua Boiss. et Buhse and other Ferula spp

Gambir (catechu, pale) Uncaria gambir Roxb

Genet flowers Spartium junceum L

Gentian rhizome and roots Gentiana lutea L

Gentian, stemless Gentiana acaulis L Do.

Germander, chamaedrys Teucrium chamaedrys L Do.

Germander, golden Teucrium polium L Do.

Guaiac Guaiacum officinale L., G. santum L., Bulnesia sarmienti Lor

Guarana Paullinia cupana HBK

Haw, black, bark Viburnum prunifolium L

Hemlock needles and twigs Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. or T. heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg

Hyacinth flowers Hyacinthus orientalis L

Iceland moss Cetraria islandica Ach Do.

Imperatoria Peucedanum ostruthium (L.). Koch (Imperatoria ostruthium L.)

Iva Achillea moschata Jacq Do.

Labdanum Cistus spp

Lemon-verbena Lippia citriodora HBK Do.

Linaloe wood Bursera delpechiana Poiss. and other Bursera spp

Linden leaves Tillia spp Do.

Lovage Levisticum officinale Koch

Lungmoss (lungwort) Sticta pulmonacea Ach

Maidenhair fern Adiantum capillus-veneris L Do.

Maple, mountain Acer spicatum Lam

Mimosa (black wattle) flowers Acacia decurrens Willd. var. dealbata

Mullein flowers Verbascum phlomoides L. or V. thapsiforme Schrad Do.

Myrrh Commiphora molmol Engl., C. abyssinica (Berg) Engl., or other Commiphora spp

Myrtle leaves Myrtus communis L Do.

Oak, English, wood Quercus robur L Do.

Oak, white, chips Quercus alba L

Oak moss Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach., E. furfuracea (L.) Mann, and other lichens Finished food thujone free 1

Olibanum Boswellia carteri Birdw. and other Boswellia spp

Opopanax (bisabolmyrrh) Opopanax chironium Koch (true opopanax) of Commiphora erythraea Engl. var. Llabrescens

Orris root Iris germanica L. (including its variety florentina Dykes) and I. pallida Lam

Pansy Viola tricolor L In alcoholic beverages only

Passion flower Passiflora incarnata L

Patchouly Pogostemon cablin Benth. and P. heyneanus Benth

Peach leaves Prunus persica (L.) Batsch In alcoholic beverages only; not to exceed 25 p.p.m. prussic acid in the flavor

Pennyroyal, American Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers

Pennyroyal, European Mentha pulegium L

Pine, dwarf, needles and twigs Pinus mugo Turra var. pumilio (Haenke) Zenari

Pine, Scotch, needles and twigs Pinus sylvestris L

Pine, white, bark Pinus strobus L In alcoholic beverages only

Pine, white oil Pinus palustris Mill., and other Pinus spp

Poplar buds Populus balsamifera L. (P. tacamahacca Mill.), P. candicans Ait., or P. nigra L Do.

Quassia Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch, or Quassia amara L

Quebracho bark Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco Schlecht, or (Quebrachia lorentzii (Griseb)) Schinopsis lorentzii (Griseb.) Engl.

Quillaia (soapbark) Quillaja saponaria Mol

Red saunders (red sandalwood) Pterocarpus san alinus L In alcoholic beverages only

Rhatany root Krameria triandra Ruiz et Pav. or K. argentea Mart

Rhubarb, garden root Rheum rhaponticum L Do.

Rhubarb root Rheum officinale Baill., R. palmatum L., or other spp. (excepting R. rhaponticum L.) or hybrids of Rheum grown in China

Roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa L Do.

Rosin (colophony) Pinus palustris Mill., and other Pinus spp Do.

St. Johnswort leaves, flowers, and caulis Hypericum perforatum L Hypericin-free alcohol distillate form only; in alcoholic beverages only

Sandalwood, white (yellow, or East Indian) Santalum album L

Sandarac Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl.), Mast In alcoholic beverages only

Sarsaparilla Smilax aristolochiaefolia Mill., (Mexican sarsaparilla), S. regelii Killip et Morton (Honduras sarsaparilla), S. febrifuga Kunth (Ecuadorean sarsaparilla), or undetermined Smilax spp. (Ecuadorean or Central American sarsaparilla)

Sassafras leaves Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees Safrole free

Senna, Alexandria Cassia acutifolia Delile

Serpentaria (Virginia snakeroot) Aristolochia serpentaria L In alcoholic beverages only

Simaruba bark Simaruba amara Aubl Do.

Snakeroot, Canadian (wild ginger) Asarum canadense L

Spruce needles and twigs Picea glauca (Moench) Voss or P. mariana (Mill.) BSP

Storax (styrax) Liquidambar orientalis Mill. or L. styraciflua L

Tagetes (marigold) Tagetes patula L., T. erecta L., or T. minuta L. (T. glandulifera Schrank) As oil only

Tansy Tanacetum vulgare L In alcoholic beverages only; finished alcoholic beverage thujone free 1

Thistle, blessed (holy thistle) Onicus benedictus L In alcoholic beverages only

Thymus capitatus (Spanish “origanum”) Thymus capitatus Hoffmg. et Link

Tolu Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms

Turpentine Pinus palustris Mill. and other Pinus spp. which yield terpene oils exclusively

Valerian rhizome and roots Valeriana officinalis L

Veronica Veronica officinalis L Do.

Vervain, European Verbena officinalis L Do.

Vetiver Vetiveria zizanioides Stapf Do.

Violet, Swiss Viola calcarata L

Walnut husks (hulls), leaves, and green nuts Juglans nigra L. or J. regia L

Woodruff, sweet Asperula odorata L In alcoholic beverages only

Yarrow Achillea millefolium L In beverages only; finished beverage thujone free 1

Yerba santa Eriodictyon californicum (Hook, et Arn.) Torr

Yucca, Joshua-tree Yucca brevifolia Engelm

Yucca, Mohave Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies (Y. mohavensis Sarg.)

1 As determined by using the method (or, in other than alcoholic beverages, a suitable adaptation thereof) in section 9.129 of the “Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists,” 13th Ed. (1980), which is incorporated by reference. Copies may be obtained from the AOAC INTERNATIONAL, 481 North Frederick Ave., suite 500, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, or may be examined at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to: http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html.